Cataracts A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye. It usually develops gradually as part of ageing and can make vision blurry, hazy or less colourful over time. Early cataracts may not cause noticeable symptoms. An eye examination can detect cataracts and help determine whether any management is needed. Key Takeaways • A cataract clouds the eye's natural lens, causing light to scatter rather than focus sharply on the retina. • Common signs include blurry vision, increased glare, faded colours and difficulty seeing at night. • Ageing is the most common cause. Diabetes, smoking, ultraviolet exposure, steroid use and eye injury also increase risk. • An eye examination is needed to confirm cataracts because other conditions can produce similar symptoms. • Surgery is the only way to remove a cataract, but it may not be needed straight away if symptoms are mild and daily activities remain manageable. Quick Facts Body system Eye (the natural lens) Commonly affects Risk increases with age; can also occur in younger adults and children Common symptoms Blurred vision, glare, haloes, faded colours, poor night vision Typical specialist Ophthalmologist How it may be managed Updated glasses for milder symptoms; cataract surgery when vision affects daily life Usually urgent? No. Sudden vision loss, flashes, new floaters or severe pain need urgent assessment. Reading time About 6 minutes What Are Cataracts? The natural lens sits behind the coloured part of the eye (the iris) and helps focus light onto the retina. A cataract develops when part of this lens becomes cloudy. The clouding happens within the lens itself, not as a film over the surface of the eye. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, but they do not spread from one eye to the other. In many people the clouding builds up slowly over months or years. As the cataract becomes denser, everyday tasks such as reading, driving or recognising faces may become more difficult. How Cataracts May Develop Age-related changes The lens gradually becomes less clear over time. This is by far the most common cause. Eye injury A serious injury can damage the lens and lead to a cataract, sometimes years later. Diabetes or steroid use Cataracts may develop earlier in people with diabetes or those who have used steroid medication over a prolonged period. Do not stop or change prescribed steroid medication without speaking to the clinician who prescribed it. Radiation or UV exposure Long-term ultraviolet exposure or radiation treatment affecting the eye area can contribute. Congenital factors Some children are born with cataracts or develop them in early childhood. Larger cataracts that affect vision need timely specialist assessment. Previous eye surgery Cataracts may develop or progress after other eye operations. What Are the Symptoms of Cataracts? Cataract symptoms tend to appear gradually. You may notice: • Cloudy, blurry or hazy vision, as though looking through a dirty window • Glare or dazzle from sunlight, lamps or oncoming headlights • Haloes around lights, particularly at night • Colours looking faded or washed out • Needing brighter light for reading or close work • Frequent changes in your spectacle prescription • Difficulty seeing clearly at night or in dim lighting These symptoms can also occur with other eye conditions, so an eye examination is important to find the cause. Symptoms That Need Urgent Attention Seek urgent eye assessment if you experience: • Sudden vision loss or rapidly worsening vision • Flashes of light • A sudden increase in floaters • A dark curtain or shadow across your vision • Severe eye pain • A red eye with sudden blurred vision These are not typical gradual cataract symptoms. They may indicate retinal detachment, acute glaucoma or another condition that needs immediate attention. What Causes Cataracts and Who Is at Risk? The most common cause is the natural ageing of the lens. Over time the proteins in the lens change, causing it to become less clear. Other factors that increase the likelihood include: • Diabetes, particularly when less well controlled • Smoking • Prolonged ultraviolet exposure without adequate eye protection • Long-term use of steroid medication • A previous eye injury or eye surgery • A family history of cataracts • Radiation treatment affecting the eye area • Excessive alcohol consumption How Are Cataracts Diagnosed? An ophthalmologist can detect cataracts through an eye examination. This typically involves: • A discussion of your symptoms and how they affect daily activities • Testing your vision and current spectacle prescription • A slit-lamp examination, where a specialised microscope and light are used to look at the lens and other parts of the eye • A dilated examination, where drops widen the pupils so the inside of the eye can be seen more clearly • Checking for other conditions that could also be affecting your vision Not every patient needs every test. The ophthalmologist selects assessments based on your symptoms and what the examination shows. Do Cataracts Always Need Treatment? Not straight away. When a cataract is mild and daily life is not significantly affected, practical steps such as updating your glasses, using brighter lighting or wearing anti-glare sunglasses may help you manage. These measures improve comfort but do not remove the cataract. Cataract surgery is the only treatment that removes the cloudy lens. It replaces it with a clear artificial lens. Surgery is usually considered when your cataract affects activities that matter to you, such as reading, driving or working. The decision is based on your symptoms, how well you can see during everyday activities, your eye health and your own preferences. Learn how cataract surgery works, when it may be considered and what recovery involves on the Cataract Surgery page. What Happens If Cataracts Are Not Treated? Cataracts generally continue to develop over time. Vision may gradually become cloudier, and activities such as reading, driving and working may become more difficult. Many people live with mild cataracts for years before surgery becomes a practical consideration. Cataracts mainly affect sight by clouding the lens. Other eye conditions may also be present, and an advanced cataract can sometimes make it harder for an ophthalmologist to examine the back of the eye. Cataract surgery may still be considered when a cataract is advanced, although the expected result depends on the health of the rest of the eye and the person's individual circumstances. Can Cataracts Be Prevented? There is no proven way to prevent cataracts completely. However, several measures may help reduce your risk or delay earlier development: • Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet rays and use a hat outdoors • Avoid smoking, or seek support to stop • Manage diabetes with appropriate medical care • Use eye protection during sports or activities with an injury risk • Eat a balanced, nutrient-rich diet Regular eye examinations are important, particularly as you get older or if you have known risk factors. When Should You See an Ophthalmologist? Consider arranging an eye examination if you notice: • Gradually increasing blurred or cloudy vision • Growing difficulty seeing at night or in low light • More glare or haloes around lights • Frequent spectacle-prescription changes • Vision changes that interfere with reading, driving, work or hobbies If you have already been diagnosed with cataracts, a review is helpful when your symptoms change or daily activities become harder. In Singapore, you may start with an optometrist, GP or polyclinic, or arrange a direct appointment with an ophthalmologist. Subsidised public specialist care may require an eligible referral. Your optometrist or GP can advise on the most appropriate next step. Find an ophthalmologist or eye clinic for an eye assessment. Your Possible Care Journey The path from first noticing a change in your vision to receiving care typically follows these stages, although the exact sequence varies: 1. Vision changes noticed 2. Eye examination by an optometrist, GP or ophthalmologist 3. Examination and any tests needed to confirm the cause 4. Cataract confirmed and its effect on daily life discussed 5. A plan is agreed: updated glasses and monitoring, or discussion about surgery 6. Follow-up based on your symptoms and preferences If surgery is being considered, read how MediSave and insurance may apply to cataract surgery in Singapore . Frequently Asked Questions Can cataracts affect one eye more than the other? Yes. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, and they often progress at different rates. A cataract in one eye does not spread to the other. Can cataracts make night driving difficult? Yes. Glare and haloes from oncoming headlights are common complaints. If night driving feels unsafe, this is worth discussing with an ophthalmologist. Can glasses improve cataract-related vision changes? An updated prescription may improve clarity for a time, especially in the earlier stages. However, glasses cannot remove the cataract itself. As the clouding increases, glasses may become less effective. How quickly do cataracts progress? Most cataracts develop gradually over months or years, but the rate varies. Some remain mild for a long time, while others progress more noticeably. Regular eye examinations allow your ophthalmologist to track any changes. Can a cataract return after surgery? Once the natural lens is removed, the original cataract cannot return. However, the capsule behind the artificial lens can sometimes become cloudy, a condition called posterior capsule opacification. This is not the cataract growing back and can usually be treated with a brief laser procedure. References Singapore clinical sources • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract Surgery. https://www.snec.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/cataract . Accessed 14 July 2026. • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract and Comprehensive Ophthalmology: What We Do. https://www.snec.com.sg/our-specialties/clinical-interests/cataract-comprehensive/what-we-do . Accessed 14 July 2026. International clinical guidance • National Eye Institute. Cataracts. Updated 26 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Cataract. Updated 6 August 2025. • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cataracts in Adults: Management, NG77. Published 26 October 2017; last reviewed 20 May 2025. Urgent-warning-sign references • National Eye Institute. Retinal Detachment. Updated 5 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Glaucoma. Updated 5 December 2024.

Cataracts A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye. It usually develops gradually as part of ageing and can make vision blurry, hazy or less colourful over time. Early cataracts may not cause noticeable symptoms. An eye examination can detect cataracts and help determine whether any management is needed. Key Takeaways • A cataract clouds the eye's natural lens, causing light to scatter rather than focus sharply on the retina. • Common signs include blurry vision, increased glare, faded colours and difficulty seeing at night. • Ageing is the most common cause. Diabetes, smoking, ultraviolet exposure, steroid use and eye injury also increase risk. • An eye examination is needed to confirm cataracts because other conditions can produce similar symptoms. • Surgery is the only way to remove a cataract, but it may not be needed straight away if symptoms are mild and daily activities remain manageable. Quick Facts Body system Eye (the natural lens) Commonly affects Risk increases with age; can also occur in younger adults and children Common symptoms Blurred vision, glare, haloes, faded colours, poor night vision Typical specialist Ophthalmologist How it may be managed Updated glasses for milder symptoms; cataract surgery when vision affects daily life Usually urgent? No. Sudden vision loss, flashes, new floaters or severe pain need urgent assessment. Reading time About 6 minutes What Are Cataracts? The natural lens sits behind the coloured part of the eye (the iris) and helps focus light onto the retina. A cataract develops when part of this lens becomes cloudy. The clouding happens within the lens itself, not as a film over the surface of the eye. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, but they do not spread from one eye to the other. In many people the clouding builds up slowly over months or years. As the cataract becomes denser, everyday tasks such as reading, driving or recognising faces may become more difficult. How Cataracts May Develop Age-related changes The lens gradually becomes less clear over time. This is by far the most common cause. Eye injury A serious injury can damage the lens and lead to a cataract, sometimes years later. Diabetes or steroid use Cataracts may develop earlier in people with diabetes or those who have used steroid medication over a prolonged period. Do not stop or change prescribed steroid medication without speaking to the clinician who prescribed it. Radiation or UV exposure Long-term ultraviolet exposure or radiation treatment affecting the eye area can contribute. Congenital factors Some children are born with cataracts or develop them in early childhood. Larger cataracts that affect vision need timely specialist assessment. Previous eye surgery Cataracts may develop or progress after other eye operations. What Are the Symptoms of Cataracts? Cataract symptoms tend to appear gradually. You may notice: • Cloudy, blurry or hazy vision, as though looking through a dirty window • Glare or dazzle from sunlight, lamps or oncoming headlights • Haloes around lights, particularly at night • Colours looking faded or washed out • Needing brighter light for reading or close work • Frequent changes in your spectacle prescription • Difficulty seeing clearly at night or in dim lighting These symptoms can also occur with other eye conditions, so an eye examination is important to find the cause. Symptoms That Need Urgent Attention Seek urgent eye assessment if you experience: • Sudden vision loss or rapidly worsening vision • Flashes of light • A sudden increase in floaters • A dark curtain or shadow across your vision • Severe eye pain • A red eye with sudden blurred vision These are not typical gradual cataract symptoms. They may indicate retinal detachment, acute glaucoma or another condition that needs immediate attention. What Causes Cataracts and Who Is at Risk? The most common cause is the natural ageing of the lens. Over time the proteins in the lens change, causing it to become less clear. Other factors that increase the likelihood include: • Diabetes, particularly when less well controlled • Smoking • Prolonged ultraviolet exposure without adequate eye protection • Long-term use of steroid medication • A previous eye injury or eye surgery • A family history of cataracts • Radiation treatment affecting the eye area • Excessive alcohol consumption How Are Cataracts Diagnosed? An ophthalmologist can detect cataracts through an eye examination. This typically involves: • A discussion of your symptoms and how they affect daily activities • Testing your vision and current spectacle prescription • A slit-lamp examination, where a specialised microscope and light are used to look at the lens and other parts of the eye • A dilated examination, where drops widen the pupils so the inside of the eye can be seen more clearly • Checking for other conditions that could also be affecting your vision Not every patient needs every test. The ophthalmologist selects assessments based on your symptoms and what the examination shows. Do Cataracts Always Need Treatment? Not straight away. When a cataract is mild and daily life is not significantly affected, practical steps such as updating your glasses, using brighter lighting or wearing anti-glare sunglasses may help you manage. These measures improve comfort but do not remove the cataract. Cataract surgery is the only treatment that removes the cloudy lens. It replaces it with a clear artificial lens. Surgery is usually considered when your cataract affects activities that matter to you, such as reading, driving or working. The decision is based on your symptoms, how well you can see during everyday activities, your eye health and your own preferences. Learn how cataract surgery works, when it may be considered and what recovery involves on the Cataract Surgery page. What Happens If Cataracts Are Not Treated? Cataracts generally continue to develop over time. Vision may gradually become cloudier, and activities such as reading, driving and working may become more difficult. Many people live with mild cataracts for years before surgery becomes a practical consideration. Cataracts mainly affect sight by clouding the lens. Other eye conditions may also be present, and an advanced cataract can sometimes make it harder for an ophthalmologist to examine the back of the eye. Cataract surgery may still be considered when a cataract is advanced, although the expected result depends on the health of the rest of the eye and the person's individual circumstances. Can Cataracts Be Prevented? There is no proven way to prevent cataracts completely. However, several measures may help reduce your risk or delay earlier development: • Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet rays and use a hat outdoors • Avoid smoking, or seek support to stop • Manage diabetes with appropriate medical care • Use eye protection during sports or activities with an injury risk • Eat a balanced, nutrient-rich diet Regular eye examinations are important, particularly as you get older or if you have known risk factors. When Should You See an Ophthalmologist? Consider arranging an eye examination if you notice: • Gradually increasing blurred or cloudy vision • Growing difficulty seeing at night or in low light • More glare or haloes around lights • Frequent spectacle-prescription changes • Vision changes that interfere with reading, driving, work or hobbies If you have already been diagnosed with cataracts, a review is helpful when your symptoms change or daily activities become harder. In Singapore, you may start with an optometrist, GP or polyclinic, or arrange a direct appointment with an ophthalmologist. Subsidised public specialist care may require an eligible referral. Your optometrist or GP can advise on the most appropriate next step. Find an ophthalmologist or eye clinic for an eye assessment. Your Possible Care Journey The path from first noticing a change in your vision to receiving care typically follows these stages, although the exact sequence varies: 1. Vision changes noticed 2. Eye examination by an optometrist, GP or ophthalmologist 3. Examination and any tests needed to confirm the cause 4. Cataract confirmed and its effect on daily life discussed 5. A plan is agreed: updated glasses and monitoring, or discussion about surgery 6. Follow-up based on your symptoms and preferences If surgery is being considered, read how MediSave and insurance may apply to cataract surgery in Singapore . Frequently Asked Questions Can cataracts affect one eye more than the other? Yes. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, and they often progress at different rates. A cataract in one eye does not spread to the other. Can cataracts make night driving difficult? Yes. Glare and haloes from oncoming headlights are common complaints. If night driving feels unsafe, this is worth discussing with an ophthalmologist. Can glasses improve cataract-related vision changes? An updated prescription may improve clarity for a time, especially in the earlier stages. However, glasses cannot remove the cataract itself. As the clouding increases, glasses may become less effective. How quickly do cataracts progress? Most cataracts develop gradually over months or years, but the rate varies. Some remain mild for a long time, while others progress more noticeably. Regular eye examinations allow your ophthalmologist to track any changes. Can a cataract return after surgery? Once the natural lens is removed, the original cataract cannot return. However, the capsule behind the artificial lens can sometimes become cloudy, a condition called posterior capsule opacification. This is not the cataract growing back and can usually be treated with a brief laser procedure. References Singapore clinical sources • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract Surgery. https://www.snec.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/cataract . Accessed 14 July 2026. • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract and Comprehensive Ophthalmology: What We Do. https://www.snec.com.sg/our-specialties/clinical-interests/cataract-comprehensive/what-we-do . Accessed 14 July 2026. International clinical guidance • National Eye Institute. Cataracts. Updated 26 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Cataract. Updated 6 August 2025. • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cataracts in Adults: Management, NG77. Published 26 October 2017; last reviewed 20 May 2025. Urgent-warning-sign references • National Eye Institute. Retinal Detachment. Updated 5 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Glaucoma. Updated 5 December 2024.

Cataracts A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye. It usually develops gradually as part of ageing and can make vision blurry, hazy or less colourful over time. Early cataracts may not cause noticeable symptoms. An eye examination can detect cataracts and help determine whether any management is needed. Key Takeaways • A cataract clouds the eye's natural lens, causing light to scatter rather than focus sharply on the retina. • Common signs include blurry vision, increased glare, faded colours and difficulty seeing at night. • Ageing is the most common cause. Diabetes, smoking, ultraviolet exposure, steroid use and eye injury also increase risk. • An eye examination is needed to confirm cataracts because other conditions can produce similar symptoms. • Surgery is the only way to remove a cataract, but it may not be needed straight away if symptoms are mild and daily activities remain manageable. Quick Facts Body system Eye (the natural lens) Commonly affects Risk increases with age; can also occur in younger adults and children Common symptoms Blurred vision, glare, haloes, faded colours, poor night vision Typical specialist Ophthalmologist How it may be managed Updated glasses for milder symptoms; cataract surgery when vision affects daily life Usually urgent? No. Sudden vision loss, flashes, new floaters or severe pain need urgent assessment. Reading time About 6 minutes What Are Cataracts? The natural lens sits behind the coloured part of the eye (the iris) and helps focus light onto the retina. A cataract develops when part of this lens becomes cloudy. The clouding happens within the lens itself, not as a film over the surface of the eye. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, but they do not spread from one eye to the other. In many people the clouding builds up slowly over months or years. As the cataract becomes denser, everyday tasks such as reading, driving or recognising faces may become more difficult. How Cataracts May Develop Age-related changes The lens gradually becomes less clear over time. This is by far the most common cause. Eye injury A serious injury can damage the lens and lead to a cataract, sometimes years later. Diabetes or steroid use Cataracts may develop earlier in people with diabetes or those who have used steroid medication over a prolonged period. Do not stop or change prescribed steroid medication without speaking to the clinician who prescribed it. Radiation or UV exposure Long-term ultraviolet exposure or radiation treatment affecting the eye area can contribute. Congenital factors Some children are born with cataracts or develop them in early childhood. Larger cataracts that affect vision need timely specialist assessment. Previous eye surgery Cataracts may develop or progress after other eye operations. What Are the Symptoms of Cataracts? Cataract symptoms tend to appear gradually. You may notice: • Cloudy, blurry or hazy vision, as though looking through a dirty window • Glare or dazzle from sunlight, lamps or oncoming headlights • Haloes around lights, particularly at night • Colours looking faded or washed out • Needing brighter light for reading or close work • Frequent changes in your spectacle prescription • Difficulty seeing clearly at night or in dim lighting These symptoms can also occur with other eye conditions, so an eye examination is important to find the cause. Symptoms That Need Urgent Attention Seek urgent eye assessment if you experience: • Sudden vision loss or rapidly worsening vision • Flashes of light • A sudden increase in floaters • A dark curtain or shadow across your vision • Severe eye pain • A red eye with sudden blurred vision These are not typical gradual cataract symptoms. They may indicate retinal detachment, acute glaucoma or another condition that needs immediate attention. What Causes Cataracts and Who Is at Risk? The most common cause is the natural ageing of the lens. Over time the proteins in the lens change, causing it to become less clear. Other factors that increase the likelihood include: • Diabetes, particularly when less well controlled • Smoking • Prolonged ultraviolet exposure without adequate eye protection • Long-term use of steroid medication • A previous eye injury or eye surgery • A family history of cataracts • Radiation treatment affecting the eye area • Excessive alcohol consumption How Are Cataracts Diagnosed? An ophthalmologist can detect cataracts through an eye examination. This typically involves: • A discussion of your symptoms and how they affect daily activities • Testing your vision and current spectacle prescription • A slit-lamp examination, where a specialised microscope and light are used to look at the lens and other parts of the eye • A dilated examination, where drops widen the pupils so the inside of the eye can be seen more clearly • Checking for other conditions that could also be affecting your vision Not every patient needs every test. The ophthalmologist selects assessments based on your symptoms and what the examination shows. Do Cataracts Always Need Treatment? Not straight away. When a cataract is mild and daily life is not significantly affected, practical steps such as updating your glasses, using brighter lighting or wearing anti-glare sunglasses may help you manage. These measures improve comfort but do not remove the cataract. Cataract surgery is the only treatment that removes the cloudy lens. It replaces it with a clear artificial lens. Surgery is usually considered when your cataract affects activities that matter to you, such as reading, driving or working. The decision is based on your symptoms, how well you can see during everyday activities, your eye health and your own preferences. Learn how cataract surgery works, when it may be considered and what recovery involves on the Cataract Surgery page. What Happens If Cataracts Are Not Treated? Cataracts generally continue to develop over time. Vision may gradually become cloudier, and activities such as reading, driving and working may become more difficult. Many people live with mild cataracts for years before surgery becomes a practical consideration. Cataracts mainly affect sight by clouding the lens. Other eye conditions may also be present, and an advanced cataract can sometimes make it harder for an ophthalmologist to examine the back of the eye. Cataract surgery may still be considered when a cataract is advanced, although the expected result depends on the health of the rest of the eye and the person's individual circumstances. Can Cataracts Be Prevented? There is no proven way to prevent cataracts completely. However, several measures may help reduce your risk or delay earlier development: • Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet rays and use a hat outdoors • Avoid smoking, or seek support to stop • Manage diabetes with appropriate medical care • Use eye protection during sports or activities with an injury risk • Eat a balanced, nutrient-rich diet Regular eye examinations are important, particularly as you get older or if you have known risk factors. When Should You See an Ophthalmologist? Consider arranging an eye examination if you notice: • Gradually increasing blurred or cloudy vision • Growing difficulty seeing at night or in low light • More glare or haloes around lights • Frequent spectacle-prescription changes • Vision changes that interfere with reading, driving, work or hobbies If you have already been diagnosed with cataracts, a review is helpful when your symptoms change or daily activities become harder. In Singapore, you may start with an optometrist, GP or polyclinic, or arrange a direct appointment with an ophthalmologist. Subsidised public specialist care may require an eligible referral. Your optometrist or GP can advise on the most appropriate next step. Find an ophthalmologist or eye clinic for an eye assessment. Your Possible Care Journey The path from first noticing a change in your vision to receiving care typically follows these stages, although the exact sequence varies: 1. Vision changes noticed 2. Eye examination by an optometrist, GP or ophthalmologist 3. Examination and any tests needed to confirm the cause 4. Cataract confirmed and its effect on daily life discussed 5. A plan is agreed: updated glasses and monitoring, or discussion about surgery 6. Follow-up based on your symptoms and preferences If surgery is being considered, read how MediSave and insurance may apply to cataract surgery in Singapore . Frequently Asked Questions Can cataracts affect one eye more than the other? Yes. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, and they often progress at different rates. A cataract in one eye does not spread to the other. Can cataracts make night driving difficult? Yes. Glare and haloes from oncoming headlights are common complaints. If night driving feels unsafe, this is worth discussing with an ophthalmologist. Can glasses improve cataract-related vision changes? An updated prescription may improve clarity for a time, especially in the earlier stages. However, glasses cannot remove the cataract itself. As the clouding increases, glasses may become less effective. How quickly do cataracts progress? Most cataracts develop gradually over months or years, but the rate varies. Some remain mild for a long time, while others progress more noticeably. Regular eye examinations allow your ophthalmologist to track any changes. Can a cataract return after surgery? Once the natural lens is removed, the original cataract cannot return. However, the capsule behind the artificial lens can sometimes become cloudy, a condition called posterior capsule opacification. This is not the cataract growing back and can usually be treated with a brief laser procedure. References Singapore clinical sources • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract Surgery. https://www.snec.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/cataract . Accessed 14 July 2026. • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract and Comprehensive Ophthalmology: What We Do. https://www.snec.com.sg/our-specialties/clinical-interests/cataract-comprehensive/what-we-do . Accessed 14 July 2026. International clinical guidance • National Eye Institute. Cataracts. Updated 26 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Cataract. Updated 6 August 2025. • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cataracts in Adults: Management, NG77. Published 26 October 2017; last reviewed 20 May 2025. Urgent-warning-sign references • National Eye Institute. Retinal Detachment. Updated 5 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Glaucoma. Updated 5 December 2024.

Trident Heart Centre, Gleneagles Medical Centre and Farrer Park Hospital, Singapore, treats coronary artery disease, heart rhythm disorders and cardiovascular conditions with care by Dr Pinakin V Parekh. Book now. Cardiology Trident Heart Centre Specialist(s) Dr Pinakin V Parekh General & Interventional Cardiologist; founder & Medical director View Profile Services Offered Cardiac investigations: ECG, treadmill stress test, ambulatory BP monitoring, 2D/3D echocardiography, Holter ECG, right-heart study Advanced cardiac imaging: Cardiac MRI and imaging-guided diagnosis Electrophysiology & pacing: pacemaker and ICD implantation, CRT, catheter ablation Interventional cardiology: coronary angiography and angioplasty, device extraction Preventive heart screening packages and follow-up care plans Conditions Treated All Cardiac conditions, including but not limited to: Hypertension Diabetes High Cholesterol Coronary Artery Disease Valvular Problems Heart Failure/Cardiomyopathy Abnormal Heart Rhythms Pulmonary Embolism & Pulmonary Hypertension Specialties Interventional cardiology, coronary angioplasty and stenting, preventive heart care, advanced heart screening and imaging. Language English, Bahasa Indonesia, Hindi, Malay, Gujarati, basic Chinese and Tamil About Insurance & Payment Location FAQ Book Now Contact +65 65922922 +65 8953 3533 tridentheart.sg enquiry@tridentheart.sg Operating Hours Monday to Friday 8.30am – 5.30pm Saturday 8.30am – 12.30pm Sundays & Public Holidays Closed Operating hours are subject to change. For the most up-to-date information, please contact the clinic. Accessibilities & Facilities Wheelchair-accessible Lift access Onsite parking About Trident Heart Centre , opened July 1, 2025 and led by General & Interventional Cardiologist Dr Pinakin V Parekh, provides expert cardiac care across two Singapore locations (Gleneagles and Farrer Park). Services range from early heart screening and risk assessment to complex coronary interventions such as angioplasty and stenting. The centre emphasises patient-centred preventive cardiology, compassionate communication, and tailored, evidence-based treatment planning. Convenient Locations Trident Heart Centre @ Gleneagles Hospital, 6 Napier Rd, #03-10, Gleneagles Medical Centre, Singapore 258499 5.0 ★ (11) on Google reviews (updated on Feb 2026) Trident Heart Centre @ Farrer Park Hospital, 1 Farrer Park Station Rd, #15-16 Connexion, Singapore 217562 5.0 ★ (76) on Google reviews (updated on Feb 2026) Payment Options Cash Credit Card Nets Need Help? Contact the clinic in advance if you’re unsure about your coverage or claim process. Call Clinic Verification Status ✓ Verified, Feb 2026 Need Answers? We've Got You Covered Everything you want to know before visiting Trident Heart Centre. Can I request a consultation with Dr Pinakin V Parekh at Trident Heart Centre in Singapore? Yes, all appointments are arranged with Dr Parekh at either Gleneagles or Farrer Park locations, specialising in interventional cardiology and preventive cardiac care. What heart services are available at Trident Heart Centre in Singapore? Do I need to schedule an appointment with Trident Heart Centre cardiologist? Is Trident Heart Centre accessible for elderly or mobility-impaired patients? What happens after my cardiac consultation at Trident Heart Centre? Articles & Interviews

Cataracts A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye. It usually develops gradually as part of ageing and can make vision blurry, hazy or less colourful over time. Early cataracts may not cause noticeable symptoms. An eye examination can detect cataracts and help determine whether any management is needed. Key Takeaways • A cataract clouds the eye's natural lens, causing light to scatter rather than focus sharply on the retina. • Common signs include blurry vision, increased glare, faded colours and difficulty seeing at night. • Ageing is the most common cause. Diabetes, smoking, ultraviolet exposure, steroid use and eye injury also increase risk. • An eye examination is needed to confirm cataracts because other conditions can produce similar symptoms. • Surgery is the only way to remove a cataract, but it may not be needed straight away if symptoms are mild and daily activities remain manageable. Quick Facts Body system Eye (the natural lens) Commonly affects Risk increases with age; can also occur in younger adults and children Common symptoms Blurred vision, glare, haloes, faded colours, poor night vision Typical specialist Ophthalmologist How it may be managed Updated glasses for milder symptoms; cataract surgery when vision affects daily life Usually urgent? No. Sudden vision loss, flashes, new floaters or severe pain need urgent assessment. Reading time About 6 minutes What Are Cataracts? The natural lens sits behind the coloured part of the eye (the iris) and helps focus light onto the retina. A cataract develops when part of this lens becomes cloudy. The clouding happens within the lens itself, not as a film over the surface of the eye. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, but they do not spread from one eye to the other. In many people the clouding builds up slowly over months or years. As the cataract becomes denser, everyday tasks such as reading, driving or recognising faces may become more difficult. How Cataracts May Develop Age-related changes The lens gradually becomes less clear over time. This is by far the most common cause. Eye injury A serious injury can damage the lens and lead to a cataract, sometimes years later. Diabetes or steroid use Cataracts may develop earlier in people with diabetes or those who have used steroid medication over a prolonged period. Do not stop or change prescribed steroid medication without speaking to the clinician who prescribed it. Radiation or UV exposure Long-term ultraviolet exposure or radiation treatment affecting the eye area can contribute. Congenital factors Some children are born with cataracts or develop them in early childhood. Larger cataracts that affect vision need timely specialist assessment. Previous eye surgery Cataracts may develop or progress after other eye operations. What Are the Symptoms of Cataracts? Cataract symptoms tend to appear gradually. You may notice: • Cloudy, blurry or hazy vision, as though looking through a dirty window • Glare or dazzle from sunlight, lamps or oncoming headlights • Haloes around lights, particularly at night • Colours looking faded or washed out • Needing brighter light for reading or close work • Frequent changes in your spectacle prescription • Difficulty seeing clearly at night or in dim lighting These symptoms can also occur with other eye conditions, so an eye examination is important to find the cause. Symptoms That Need Urgent Attention Seek urgent eye assessment if you experience: • Sudden vision loss or rapidly worsening vision • Flashes of light • A sudden increase in floaters • A dark curtain or shadow across your vision • Severe eye pain • A red eye with sudden blurred vision These are not typical gradual cataract symptoms. They may indicate retinal detachment, acute glaucoma or another condition that needs immediate attention. What Causes Cataracts and Who Is at Risk? The most common cause is the natural ageing of the lens. Over time the proteins in the lens change, causing it to become less clear. Other factors that increase the likelihood include: • Diabetes, particularly when less well controlled • Smoking • Prolonged ultraviolet exposure without adequate eye protection • Long-term use of steroid medication • A previous eye injury or eye surgery • A family history of cataracts • Radiation treatment affecting the eye area • Excessive alcohol consumption How Are Cataracts Diagnosed? An ophthalmologist can detect cataracts through an eye examination. This typically involves: • A discussion of your symptoms and how they affect daily activities • Testing your vision and current spectacle prescription • A slit-lamp examination, where a specialised microscope and light are used to look at the lens and other parts of the eye • A dilated examination, where drops widen the pupils so the inside of the eye can be seen more clearly • Checking for other conditions that could also be affecting your vision Not every patient needs every test. The ophthalmologist selects assessments based on your symptoms and what the examination shows. Do Cataracts Always Need Treatment? Not straight away. When a cataract is mild and daily life is not significantly affected, practical steps such as updating your glasses, using brighter lighting or wearing anti-glare sunglasses may help you manage. These measures improve comfort but do not remove the cataract. Cataract surgery is the only treatment that removes the cloudy lens. It replaces it with a clear artificial lens. Surgery is usually considered when your cataract affects activities that matter to you, such as reading, driving or working. The decision is based on your symptoms, how well you can see during everyday activities, your eye health and your own preferences. Learn how cataract surgery works, when it may be considered and what recovery involves on the Cataract Surgery page. What Happens If Cataracts Are Not Treated? Cataracts generally continue to develop over time. Vision may gradually become cloudier, and activities such as reading, driving and working may become more difficult. Many people live with mild cataracts for years before surgery becomes a practical consideration. Cataracts mainly affect sight by clouding the lens. Other eye conditions may also be present, and an advanced cataract can sometimes make it harder for an ophthalmologist to examine the back of the eye. Cataract surgery may still be considered when a cataract is advanced, although the expected result depends on the health of the rest of the eye and the person's individual circumstances. Can Cataracts Be Prevented? There is no proven way to prevent cataracts completely. However, several measures may help reduce your risk or delay earlier development: • Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet rays and use a hat outdoors • Avoid smoking, or seek support to stop • Manage diabetes with appropriate medical care • Use eye protection during sports or activities with an injury risk • Eat a balanced, nutrient-rich diet Regular eye examinations are important, particularly as you get older or if you have known risk factors. When Should You See an Ophthalmologist? Consider arranging an eye examination if you notice: • Gradually increasing blurred or cloudy vision • Growing difficulty seeing at night or in low light • More glare or haloes around lights • Frequent spectacle-prescription changes • Vision changes that interfere with reading, driving, work or hobbies If you have already been diagnosed with cataracts, a review is helpful when your symptoms change or daily activities become harder. In Singapore, you may start with an optometrist, GP or polyclinic, or arrange a direct appointment with an ophthalmologist. Subsidised public specialist care may require an eligible referral. Your optometrist or GP can advise on the most appropriate next step. Find an ophthalmologist or eye clinic for an eye assessment. Your Possible Care Journey The path from first noticing a change in your vision to receiving care typically follows these stages, although the exact sequence varies: 1. Vision changes noticed 2. Eye examination by an optometrist, GP or ophthalmologist 3. Examination and any tests needed to confirm the cause 4. Cataract confirmed and its effect on daily life discussed 5. A plan is agreed: updated glasses and monitoring, or discussion about surgery 6. Follow-up based on your symptoms and preferences If surgery is being considered, read how MediSave and insurance may apply to cataract surgery in Singapore . Frequently Asked Questions Can cataracts affect one eye more than the other? Yes. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, and they often progress at different rates. A cataract in one eye does not spread to the other. Can cataracts make night driving difficult? Yes. Glare and haloes from oncoming headlights are common complaints. If night driving feels unsafe, this is worth discussing with an ophthalmologist. Can glasses improve cataract-related vision changes? An updated prescription may improve clarity for a time, especially in the earlier stages. However, glasses cannot remove the cataract itself. As the clouding increases, glasses may become less effective. How quickly do cataracts progress? Most cataracts develop gradually over months or years, but the rate varies. Some remain mild for a long time, while others progress more noticeably. Regular eye examinations allow your ophthalmologist to track any changes. Can a cataract return after surgery? Once the natural lens is removed, the original cataract cannot return. However, the capsule behind the artificial lens can sometimes become cloudy, a condition called posterior capsule opacification. This is not the cataract growing back and can usually be treated with a brief laser procedure. References Singapore clinical sources • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract Surgery. https://www.snec.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/cataract . Accessed 14 July 2026. • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract and Comprehensive Ophthalmology: What We Do. https://www.snec.com.sg/our-specialties/clinical-interests/cataract-comprehensive/what-we-do . Accessed 14 July 2026. International clinical guidance • National Eye Institute. Cataracts. Updated 26 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Cataract. Updated 6 August 2025. • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cataracts in Adults: Management, NG77. Published 26 October 2017; last reviewed 20 May 2025. Urgent-warning-sign references • National Eye Institute. Retinal Detachment. Updated 5 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Glaucoma. Updated 5 December 2024.

Dr Prem Pillay, Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Centre, specialises in advanced brain, spine and nerve surgery. Explore expert neurosurgical care at Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, Singapore. Experiennce 30+ Years Specialty Neurosurgeon- Advanced Brain, Spine & Nerve Surgery Language English ✓ Verified, Feb 2026 Dr Prem Pillay Consultant Neurosurgeon & Medical Director Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Centre +65 6835 4325 +65 9725 5373 brainspinenervesg.com About Location Articles & Interviews Clinic Profile Book Now About Dr Prem Pillay is a Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon in Singapore with over 30 years of specialist experience. He specialises in comprehensive brain and spine surgery, including endovascular neurosurgery and minimally invasive techniques, using advanced image-guided, robotic, and endoscopic approaches. A graduate of the National University of Singapore (MBBS) with fellowships and training at world-leading institutions such as the Cleveland Clinic, MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Dr Pillay has led innovation in neurosurgery in Singapore. Known for his precision, compassion, and patient-centred approach, he has performed over 10,000 procedures for both adults and children. At the Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Centre, located at Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre (and also practicing at Mount Elizabeth Novena, Gleneagles, and Mount Alvernia hospitals), Dr Pillay provides evidence-based, minimally invasive care for a full spectrum of brain, spine, and nerve conditions. Leveraging cutting-edge diagnostics such as MRI and PET scans alongside robotics and computer-guided surgery, he delivers personalised and compassionate treatment to help patients reclaim health with confidence and reassurance. Patients are invited to consult Dr Pillay at the clinic for expert, cutting-edge neurosurgical care. Education & Credentials MBBS (Singapore), FRCS Edinburgh (General Surgery), FRCS Canada (Neurosurgery), FAMS (Neurosurgery), FACS (USA) Chief Neurosurgery Resident, Cleveland Clinic – received William E Lower Award and Pudenz Award Fellowships: Epilepsy Surgery (Cleveland Clinic), Neuro‑Oncology (MD Anderson), Paediatric Neurosurgery (Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto) Introduced high‑end technology in Singapore: computer/image‑guided surgery, 3D microsurgery, Gamma Knife, neuro‑endoscopy, pain treatments Awards Mahaley Award National Brain Tumour Foundation Award Singapore Medical Association Medal Howard Eddie Gold Medal Others Memberships AANS, CNS (Tumour, Spine & Peripheral Nerve, Stereotactic & Functional, Paediatric, Pain Section Clinical Experience Advanced brain tumour surgery, including epilepsy resections, stereotactic and neuro-oncology procedures Minimally invasive spine and peripheral nerve surgery Endovascular neurosurgery for aneurysms and vascular spine conditions Paediatric neurosurgery and trauma Neuro-endoscopy, computer-guided and robotic spine/brain procedures Gamma Knife and functional neurosurgery for pain & epilepsy Community Involvement Shares expertise through public education on spine and nerve health Contributes regularly to clinic blog articles Featured in media segments such as Understanding Your Spine Contributed to educational features including The Hidden Dangers of Distracted Walking Doctor's Quote “when patients come to visit us what we want to do is to let them know you will treat them with empathy, sympathy, respect and try to understand and listen to them about their problems” Convenient Locations Singapore Brain Spine Nerves Center Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre #15‑03, 3 Mount Elizabeth, Singapore 228510 4.9 ★ (117) on Google reviews (updated on Feb 2026) Articles & Interviews 1 2 3 4 5

GLAD Clinic, Farrer Park Hospital and Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, Singapore, treats liver, pancreas, gallbladder and digestive conditions with care by Dr Stephen Chang Kin Yong. Book now. General Surgery Glad Clinic Specialist(s) Dr Stephen Chang Medical Director, Surgeon View Profile Services Offered Laparoscopic Liver, Pancreas and Biliary Surgery Single Port Laparoscopic surgery (key-hole minimally invasive surgery) Liver Transplant Multimodality Management of Liver Disease and Cancer Conditions Treated Diverticulitis Gallstones Hepatitis A, B, C Specialties Laparoscopic Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Language English, Bahasa Indonesia, Cantonese, Mandarin, Hakka, Hokkien About Insurance & Payment Location FAQ Book Now Contact +65 9687 0404 +65 9152 4236 gladclinic.com.sg glad.clinic@gmail.com Operating Hours Monday to Friday 9.00am – 5.00pm Saturday 9.00am – 12.00pm Sundays & Public Holidays Closed Operating hours are subject to change. For the most up-to-date information, please contact the clinic. Accessibilities & Facilities Teleconsultation About Established in Singapore, GLAD Clinic focuses on the assessment and management of general surgical conditions, with particular attention to diseases of the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, bile ducts, and digestive system. The clinic is led by Dr. Stephen Chang Kin Yong, a General Surgeon in Singapore, and supports patients across a range of surgical concerns. Care at GLAD Clinic centres on clear communication, careful planning, and continuity of care. By prioritising patient understanding and collaborative decision-making, the clinic aims to guide individuals thoughtfully through evaluation, treatment, and follow-up. Convenient Locations Glad Clinic @Farrer Park Hospital Farrer Park Hospital, 1 Farrer Park Station Road, #07-01, Singapore 217562 4.5 ★ (8) on Google reviews (updated on Jan 2026) Glad Clinic @Mt Elizabeth Medical Centre Mt Elizabeth Medical Centre, 3 Mount Elizabeth, #10-14, Singapore 228510 Accepted Insurance Providers Great Eastern Income HSBC Life Prudential Alliance Medinet iXchange Payment Options Cash Credit Card Nets Paynow Need Help? Contact the clinic in advance if you’re unsure about your coverage or claim process. Call Clinic Verification Status ✓ Verified on Feb 2026 Need Answers? We've Got You Covered Everything you want to know before visiting Glad Clinic. When should I consider seeing a general surgeon? You may consider seeing a general surgeon in Singapore if you experience persistent abdominal pain, notice a new or enlarging lump, or have digestive symptoms that do not resolve. Referrals may also be made after abnormal findings on imaging or health screening to determine whether further assessment is required. Can I request to see Dr. Stephen Chang Kin Yong at GLAD Clinic? What conditions are commonly assessed at GLAD Clinic? Do I need an appointment at GLAD Clinic in Singapore? What happens after my consultation with Dr. Stephen Chang at GLAD Clinic? Articles & Interviews 1 2 3 4 5

Dr Jayant Iyer, Consultant Ophthalmologist at The Straits Eye Centre, specialises in ophthalmology, medical retina and uveitis care. Book a consultation at Camden Medical Centre, Singapore. Experience 10+ Years Specialty Ophthalmology Language English, Tamil, Basic Mandarin ✓ Verified, Feb 2026 Dr. Jayant Iyer Ophthalmologist The Straits Eye Centre +65 6235 4522 +65 88704700 www.straitseye.com.sg About Articles & Interviews Location Clinic Profile Book Now About Dr Jayant V. Iyer is a Consultant Ophthalmologist at The Straits Eye Centre in Singapore. He practises general ophthalmology with subspecialty interests in medical retina and uveitis, focusing on conditions that affect the internal structures of the eye and long-term visual health. Dr Iyer is committed to careful clinical evaluation, clear explanations, and supporting patients through conditions that often require ongoing monitoring and follow-up. At The Straits Eye Centre (Camden Medical Centre), Dr Iyer provides retinal and medical eye care within a multidisciplinary ophthalmology setting. His clinical work includes the assessment and management of retinal diseases, inflammatory eye conditions, and vision changes detected during routine screening. Consultations emphasise patient understanding, evidence-based decision-making, and continuity of care tailored to individual eye health needs. Education & Credentials Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, Singapre Graduate Diploma in Family Medicine, Singapore Master of Medicine, Ophthalmology, Singapore Fellow of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, UK Fellow, Academy of Medicine, Singapore (Gold Medal) Convenient Locations The Straits Eye Centre @ Orchard 1 Orchard Boulevard, Camden Medical Centre, #06-07/08, Singapore 248649 4.9 ★ (164) on Google reviews (updated on 1 Feb 2026) The Straits Eye Community Clinic @ Toa Payoh BLK 185 Toa Payoh Central, #01-320, Singapore 310185 5.0 ★ (26) on Google reviews (updated on 1 Feb 2026) The Straits Eye Community Clinic @ Clementi Blk 443 Clementi Ave 3, #01-69, Singapore 120443 5.0 ★ (39) on Google reviews (updated on 1 Feb 2026) The Straits Eye Community Clinic @ Bedok 211 New Upper Changi Rd, #01-743, Singapore 460211 4.9 ★ (53) on Google reviews (updated on 1 Feb 2026) Articles & Interviews

Cataracts A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye. It usually develops gradually as part of ageing and can make vision blurry, hazy or less colourful over time. Early cataracts may not cause noticeable symptoms. An eye examination can detect cataracts and help determine whether any management is needed. Key Takeaways • A cataract clouds the eye's natural lens, causing light to scatter rather than focus sharply on the retina. • Common signs include blurry vision, increased glare, faded colours and difficulty seeing at night. • Ageing is the most common cause. Diabetes, smoking, ultraviolet exposure, steroid use and eye injury also increase risk. • An eye examination is needed to confirm cataracts because other conditions can produce similar symptoms. • Surgery is the only way to remove a cataract, but it may not be needed straight away if symptoms are mild and daily activities remain manageable. Quick Facts Body system Eye (the natural lens) Commonly affects Risk increases with age; can also occur in younger adults and children Common symptoms Blurred vision, glare, haloes, faded colours, poor night vision Typical specialist Ophthalmologist How it may be managed Updated glasses for milder symptoms; cataract surgery when vision affects daily life Usually urgent? No. Sudden vision loss, flashes, new floaters or severe pain need urgent assessment. Reading time About 6 minutes What Are Cataracts? The natural lens sits behind the coloured part of the eye (the iris) and helps focus light onto the retina. A cataract develops when part of this lens becomes cloudy. The clouding happens within the lens itself, not as a film over the surface of the eye. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, but they do not spread from one eye to the other. In many people the clouding builds up slowly over months or years. As the cataract becomes denser, everyday tasks such as reading, driving or recognising faces may become more difficult. How Cataracts May Develop Age-related changes The lens gradually becomes less clear over time. This is by far the most common cause. Eye injury A serious injury can damage the lens and lead to a cataract, sometimes years later. Diabetes or steroid use Cataracts may develop earlier in people with diabetes or those who have used steroid medication over a prolonged period. Do not stop or change prescribed steroid medication without speaking to the clinician who prescribed it. Radiation or UV exposure Long-term ultraviolet exposure or radiation treatment affecting the eye area can contribute. Congenital factors Some children are born with cataracts or develop them in early childhood. Larger cataracts that affect vision need timely specialist assessment. Previous eye surgery Cataracts may develop or progress after other eye operations. What Are the Symptoms of Cataracts? Cataract symptoms tend to appear gradually. You may notice: • Cloudy, blurry or hazy vision, as though looking through a dirty window • Glare or dazzle from sunlight, lamps or oncoming headlights • Haloes around lights, particularly at night • Colours looking faded or washed out • Needing brighter light for reading or close work • Frequent changes in your spectacle prescription • Difficulty seeing clearly at night or in dim lighting These symptoms can also occur with other eye conditions, so an eye examination is important to find the cause. Symptoms That Need Urgent Attention Seek urgent eye assessment if you experience: • Sudden vision loss or rapidly worsening vision • Flashes of light • A sudden increase in floaters • A dark curtain or shadow across your vision • Severe eye pain • A red eye with sudden blurred vision These are not typical gradual cataract symptoms. They may indicate retinal detachment, acute glaucoma or another condition that needs immediate attention. What Causes Cataracts and Who Is at Risk? The most common cause is the natural ageing of the lens. Over time the proteins in the lens change, causing it to become less clear. Other factors that increase the likelihood include: • Diabetes, particularly when less well controlled • Smoking • Prolonged ultraviolet exposure without adequate eye protection • Long-term use of steroid medication • A previous eye injury or eye surgery • A family history of cataracts • Radiation treatment affecting the eye area • Excessive alcohol consumption How Are Cataracts Diagnosed? An ophthalmologist can detect cataracts through an eye examination. This typically involves: • A discussion of your symptoms and how they affect daily activities • Testing your vision and current spectacle prescription • A slit-lamp examination, where a specialised microscope and light are used to look at the lens and other parts of the eye • A dilated examination, where drops widen the pupils so the inside of the eye can be seen more clearly • Checking for other conditions that could also be affecting your vision Not every patient needs every test. The ophthalmologist selects assessments based on your symptoms and what the examination shows. Do Cataracts Always Need Treatment? Not straight away. When a cataract is mild and daily life is not significantly affected, practical steps such as updating your glasses, using brighter lighting or wearing anti-glare sunglasses may help you manage. These measures improve comfort but do not remove the cataract. Cataract surgery is the only treatment that removes the cloudy lens. It replaces it with a clear artificial lens. Surgery is usually considered when your cataract affects activities that matter to you, such as reading, driving or working. The decision is based on your symptoms, how well you can see during everyday activities, your eye health and your own preferences. Learn how cataract surgery works, when it may be considered and what recovery involves on the Cataract Surgery page. What Happens If Cataracts Are Not Treated? Cataracts generally continue to develop over time. Vision may gradually become cloudier, and activities such as reading, driving and working may become more difficult. Many people live with mild cataracts for years before surgery becomes a practical consideration. Cataracts mainly affect sight by clouding the lens. Other eye conditions may also be present, and an advanced cataract can sometimes make it harder for an ophthalmologist to examine the back of the eye. Cataract surgery may still be considered when a cataract is advanced, although the expected result depends on the health of the rest of the eye and the person's individual circumstances. Can Cataracts Be Prevented? There is no proven way to prevent cataracts completely. However, several measures may help reduce your risk or delay earlier development: • Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet rays and use a hat outdoors • Avoid smoking, or seek support to stop • Manage diabetes with appropriate medical care • Use eye protection during sports or activities with an injury risk • Eat a balanced, nutrient-rich diet Regular eye examinations are important, particularly as you get older or if you have known risk factors. When Should You See an Ophthalmologist? Consider arranging an eye examination if you notice: • Gradually increasing blurred or cloudy vision • Growing difficulty seeing at night or in low light • More glare or haloes around lights • Frequent spectacle-prescription changes • Vision changes that interfere with reading, driving, work or hobbies If you have already been diagnosed with cataracts, a review is helpful when your symptoms change or daily activities become harder. In Singapore, you may start with an optometrist, GP or polyclinic, or arrange a direct appointment with an ophthalmologist. Subsidised public specialist care may require an eligible referral. Your optometrist or GP can advise on the most appropriate next step. Find an ophthalmologist or eye clinic for an eye assessment. Your Possible Care Journey The path from first noticing a change in your vision to receiving care typically follows these stages, although the exact sequence varies: 1. Vision changes noticed 2. Eye examination by an optometrist, GP or ophthalmologist 3. Examination and any tests needed to confirm the cause 4. Cataract confirmed and its effect on daily life discussed 5. A plan is agreed: updated glasses and monitoring, or discussion about surgery 6. Follow-up based on your symptoms and preferences If surgery is being considered, read how MediSave and insurance may apply to cataract surgery in Singapore . Frequently Asked Questions Can cataracts affect one eye more than the other? Yes. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, and they often progress at different rates. A cataract in one eye does not spread to the other. Can cataracts make night driving difficult? Yes. Glare and haloes from oncoming headlights are common complaints. If night driving feels unsafe, this is worth discussing with an ophthalmologist. Can glasses improve cataract-related vision changes? An updated prescription may improve clarity for a time, especially in the earlier stages. However, glasses cannot remove the cataract itself. As the clouding increases, glasses may become less effective. How quickly do cataracts progress? Most cataracts develop gradually over months or years, but the rate varies. Some remain mild for a long time, while others progress more noticeably. Regular eye examinations allow your ophthalmologist to track any changes. Can a cataract return after surgery? Once the natural lens is removed, the original cataract cannot return. However, the capsule behind the artificial lens can sometimes become cloudy, a condition called posterior capsule opacification. This is not the cataract growing back and can usually be treated with a brief laser procedure. References Singapore clinical sources • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract Surgery. https://www.snec.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/cataract . Accessed 14 July 2026. • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract and Comprehensive Ophthalmology: What We Do. https://www.snec.com.sg/our-specialties/clinical-interests/cataract-comprehensive/what-we-do . Accessed 14 July 2026. International clinical guidance • National Eye Institute. Cataracts. Updated 26 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Cataract. Updated 6 August 2025. • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cataracts in Adults: Management, NG77. Published 26 October 2017; last reviewed 20 May 2025. Urgent-warning-sign references • National Eye Institute. Retinal Detachment. Updated 5 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Glaucoma. Updated 5 December 2024.

Cataracts A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye. It usually develops gradually as part of ageing and can make vision blurry, hazy or less colourful over time. Early cataracts may not cause noticeable symptoms. An eye examination can detect cataracts and help determine whether any management is needed. Key Takeaways • A cataract clouds the eye's natural lens, causing light to scatter rather than focus sharply on the retina. • Common signs include blurry vision, increased glare, faded colours and difficulty seeing at night. • Ageing is the most common cause. Diabetes, smoking, ultraviolet exposure, steroid use and eye injury also increase risk. • An eye examination is needed to confirm cataracts because other conditions can produce similar symptoms. • Surgery is the only way to remove a cataract, but it may not be needed straight away if symptoms are mild and daily activities remain manageable. Quick Facts Body system Eye (the natural lens) Commonly affects Risk increases with age; can also occur in younger adults and children Common symptoms Blurred vision, glare, haloes, faded colours, poor night vision Typical specialist Ophthalmologist How it may be managed Updated glasses for milder symptoms; cataract surgery when vision affects daily life Usually urgent? No. Sudden vision loss, flashes, new floaters or severe pain need urgent assessment. Reading time About 6 minutes What Are Cataracts? The natural lens sits behind the coloured part of the eye (the iris) and helps focus light onto the retina. A cataract develops when part of this lens becomes cloudy. The clouding happens within the lens itself, not as a film over the surface of the eye. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, but they do not spread from one eye to the other. In many people the clouding builds up slowly over months or years. As the cataract becomes denser, everyday tasks such as reading, driving or recognising faces may become more difficult. How Cataracts May Develop Age-related changes The lens gradually becomes less clear over time. This is by far the most common cause. Eye injury A serious injury can damage the lens and lead to a cataract, sometimes years later. Diabetes or steroid use Cataracts may develop earlier in people with diabetes or those who have used steroid medication over a prolonged period. Do not stop or change prescribed steroid medication without speaking to the clinician who prescribed it. Radiation or UV exposure Long-term ultraviolet exposure or radiation treatment affecting the eye area can contribute. Congenital factors Some children are born with cataracts or develop them in early childhood. Larger cataracts that affect vision need timely specialist assessment. Previous eye surgery Cataracts may develop or progress after other eye operations. What Are the Symptoms of Cataracts? Cataract symptoms tend to appear gradually. You may notice: • Cloudy, blurry or hazy vision, as though looking through a dirty window • Glare or dazzle from sunlight, lamps or oncoming headlights • Haloes around lights, particularly at night • Colours looking faded or washed out • Needing brighter light for reading or close work • Frequent changes in your spectacle prescription • Difficulty seeing clearly at night or in dim lighting These symptoms can also occur with other eye conditions, so an eye examination is important to find the cause. Symptoms That Need Urgent Attention Seek urgent eye assessment if you experience: • Sudden vision loss or rapidly worsening vision • Flashes of light • A sudden increase in floaters • A dark curtain or shadow across your vision • Severe eye pain • A red eye with sudden blurred vision These are not typical gradual cataract symptoms. They may indicate retinal detachment, acute glaucoma or another condition that needs immediate attention. What Causes Cataracts and Who Is at Risk? The most common cause is the natural ageing of the lens. Over time the proteins in the lens change, causing it to become less clear. Other factors that increase the likelihood include: • Diabetes, particularly when less well controlled • Smoking • Prolonged ultraviolet exposure without adequate eye protection • Long-term use of steroid medication • A previous eye injury or eye surgery • A family history of cataracts • Radiation treatment affecting the eye area • Excessive alcohol consumption How Are Cataracts Diagnosed? An ophthalmologist can detect cataracts through an eye examination. This typically involves: • A discussion of your symptoms and how they affect daily activities • Testing your vision and current spectacle prescription • A slit-lamp examination, where a specialised microscope and light are used to look at the lens and other parts of the eye • A dilated examination, where drops widen the pupils so the inside of the eye can be seen more clearly • Checking for other conditions that could also be affecting your vision Not every patient needs every test. The ophthalmologist selects assessments based on your symptoms and what the examination shows. Do Cataracts Always Need Treatment? Not straight away. When a cataract is mild and daily life is not significantly affected, practical steps such as updating your glasses, using brighter lighting or wearing anti-glare sunglasses may help you manage. These measures improve comfort but do not remove the cataract. Cataract surgery is the only treatment that removes the cloudy lens. It replaces it with a clear artificial lens. Surgery is usually considered when your cataract affects activities that matter to you, such as reading, driving or working. The decision is based on your symptoms, how well you can see during everyday activities, your eye health and your own preferences. Learn how cataract surgery works, when it may be considered and what recovery involves on the Cataract Surgery page. What Happens If Cataracts Are Not Treated? Cataracts generally continue to develop over time. Vision may gradually become cloudier, and activities such as reading, driving and working may become more difficult. Many people live with mild cataracts for years before surgery becomes a practical consideration. Cataracts mainly affect sight by clouding the lens. Other eye conditions may also be present, and an advanced cataract can sometimes make it harder for an ophthalmologist to examine the back of the eye. Cataract surgery may still be considered when a cataract is advanced, although the expected result depends on the health of the rest of the eye and the person's individual circumstances. Can Cataracts Be Prevented? There is no proven way to prevent cataracts completely. However, several measures may help reduce your risk or delay earlier development: • Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet rays and use a hat outdoors • Avoid smoking, or seek support to stop • Manage diabetes with appropriate medical care • Use eye protection during sports or activities with an injury risk • Eat a balanced, nutrient-rich diet Regular eye examinations are important, particularly as you get older or if you have known risk factors. When Should You See an Ophthalmologist? Consider arranging an eye examination if you notice: • Gradually increasing blurred or cloudy vision • Growing difficulty seeing at night or in low light • More glare or haloes around lights • Frequent spectacle-prescription changes • Vision changes that interfere with reading, driving, work or hobbies If you have already been diagnosed with cataracts, a review is helpful when your symptoms change or daily activities become harder. In Singapore, you may start with an optometrist, GP or polyclinic, or arrange a direct appointment with an ophthalmologist. Subsidised public specialist care may require an eligible referral. Your optometrist or GP can advise on the most appropriate next step. Find an ophthalmologist or eye clinic for an eye assessment. Your Possible Care Journey The path from first noticing a change in your vision to receiving care typically follows these stages, although the exact sequence varies: 1. Vision changes noticed 2. Eye examination by an optometrist, GP or ophthalmologist 3. Examination and any tests needed to confirm the cause 4. Cataract confirmed and its effect on daily life discussed 5. A plan is agreed: updated glasses and monitoring, or discussion about surgery 6. Follow-up based on your symptoms and preferences If surgery is being considered, read how MediSave and insurance may apply to cataract surgery in Singapore . Frequently Asked Questions Can cataracts affect one eye more than the other? Yes. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, and they often progress at different rates. A cataract in one eye does not spread to the other. Can cataracts make night driving difficult? Yes. Glare and haloes from oncoming headlights are common complaints. If night driving feels unsafe, this is worth discussing with an ophthalmologist. Can glasses improve cataract-related vision changes? An updated prescription may improve clarity for a time, especially in the earlier stages. However, glasses cannot remove the cataract itself. As the clouding increases, glasses may become less effective. How quickly do cataracts progress? Most cataracts develop gradually over months or years, but the rate varies. Some remain mild for a long time, while others progress more noticeably. Regular eye examinations allow your ophthalmologist to track any changes. Can a cataract return after surgery? Once the natural lens is removed, the original cataract cannot return. However, the capsule behind the artificial lens can sometimes become cloudy, a condition called posterior capsule opacification. This is not the cataract growing back and can usually be treated with a brief laser procedure. References Singapore clinical sources • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract Surgery. https://www.snec.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/cataract . Accessed 14 July 2026. • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract and Comprehensive Ophthalmology: What We Do. https://www.snec.com.sg/our-specialties/clinical-interests/cataract-comprehensive/what-we-do . Accessed 14 July 2026. International clinical guidance • National Eye Institute. Cataracts. Updated 26 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Cataract. Updated 6 August 2025. • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cataracts in Adults: Management, NG77. Published 26 October 2017; last reviewed 20 May 2025. Urgent-warning-sign references • National Eye Institute. Retinal Detachment. Updated 5 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Glaucoma. Updated 5 December 2024.

Cataracts A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye. It usually develops gradually as part of ageing and can make vision blurry, hazy or less colourful over time. Early cataracts may not cause noticeable symptoms. An eye examination can detect cataracts and help determine whether any management is needed. Key Takeaways • A cataract clouds the eye's natural lens, causing light to scatter rather than focus sharply on the retina. • Common signs include blurry vision, increased glare, faded colours and difficulty seeing at night. • Ageing is the most common cause. Diabetes, smoking, ultraviolet exposure, steroid use and eye injury also increase risk. • An eye examination is needed to confirm cataracts because other conditions can produce similar symptoms. • Surgery is the only way to remove a cataract, but it may not be needed straight away if symptoms are mild and daily activities remain manageable. Quick Facts Body system Eye (the natural lens) Commonly affects Risk increases with age; can also occur in younger adults and children Common symptoms Blurred vision, glare, haloes, faded colours, poor night vision Typical specialist Ophthalmologist How it may be managed Updated glasses for milder symptoms; cataract surgery when vision affects daily life Usually urgent? No. Sudden vision loss, flashes, new floaters or severe pain need urgent assessment. Reading time About 6 minutes What Are Cataracts? The natural lens sits behind the coloured part of the eye (the iris) and helps focus light onto the retina. A cataract develops when part of this lens becomes cloudy. The clouding happens within the lens itself, not as a film over the surface of the eye. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, but they do not spread from one eye to the other. In many people the clouding builds up slowly over months or years. As the cataract becomes denser, everyday tasks such as reading, driving or recognising faces may become more difficult. How Cataracts May Develop Age-related changes The lens gradually becomes less clear over time. This is by far the most common cause. Eye injury A serious injury can damage the lens and lead to a cataract, sometimes years later. Diabetes or steroid use Cataracts may develop earlier in people with diabetes or those who have used steroid medication over a prolonged period. Do not stop or change prescribed steroid medication without speaking to the clinician who prescribed it. Radiation or UV exposure Long-term ultraviolet exposure or radiation treatment affecting the eye area can contribute. Congenital factors Some children are born with cataracts or develop them in early childhood. Larger cataracts that affect vision need timely specialist assessment. Previous eye surgery Cataracts may develop or progress after other eye operations. What Are the Symptoms of Cataracts? Cataract symptoms tend to appear gradually. You may notice: • Cloudy, blurry or hazy vision, as though looking through a dirty window • Glare or dazzle from sunlight, lamps or oncoming headlights • Haloes around lights, particularly at night • Colours looking faded or washed out • Needing brighter light for reading or close work • Frequent changes in your spectacle prescription • Difficulty seeing clearly at night or in dim lighting These symptoms can also occur with other eye conditions, so an eye examination is important to find the cause. Symptoms That Need Urgent Attention Seek urgent eye assessment if you experience: • Sudden vision loss or rapidly worsening vision • Flashes of light • A sudden increase in floaters • A dark curtain or shadow across your vision • Severe eye pain • A red eye with sudden blurred vision These are not typical gradual cataract symptoms. They may indicate retinal detachment, acute glaucoma or another condition that needs immediate attention. What Causes Cataracts and Who Is at Risk? The most common cause is the natural ageing of the lens. Over time the proteins in the lens change, causing it to become less clear. Other factors that increase the likelihood include: • Diabetes, particularly when less well controlled • Smoking • Prolonged ultraviolet exposure without adequate eye protection • Long-term use of steroid medication • A previous eye injury or eye surgery • A family history of cataracts • Radiation treatment affecting the eye area • Excessive alcohol consumption How Are Cataracts Diagnosed? An ophthalmologist can detect cataracts through an eye examination. This typically involves: • A discussion of your symptoms and how they affect daily activities • Testing your vision and current spectacle prescription • A slit-lamp examination, where a specialised microscope and light are used to look at the lens and other parts of the eye • A dilated examination, where drops widen the pupils so the inside of the eye can be seen more clearly • Checking for other conditions that could also be affecting your vision Not every patient needs every test. The ophthalmologist selects assessments based on your symptoms and what the examination shows. Do Cataracts Always Need Treatment? Not straight away. When a cataract is mild and daily life is not significantly affected, practical steps such as updating your glasses, using brighter lighting or wearing anti-glare sunglasses may help you manage. These measures improve comfort but do not remove the cataract. Cataract surgery is the only treatment that removes the cloudy lens. It replaces it with a clear artificial lens. Surgery is usually considered when your cataract affects activities that matter to you, such as reading, driving or working. The decision is based on your symptoms, how well you can see during everyday activities, your eye health and your own preferences. Learn how cataract surgery works, when it may be considered and what recovery involves on the Cataract Surgery page. What Happens If Cataracts Are Not Treated? Cataracts generally continue to develop over time. Vision may gradually become cloudier, and activities such as reading, driving and working may become more difficult. Many people live with mild cataracts for years before surgery becomes a practical consideration. Cataracts mainly affect sight by clouding the lens. Other eye conditions may also be present, and an advanced cataract can sometimes make it harder for an ophthalmologist to examine the back of the eye. Cataract surgery may still be considered when a cataract is advanced, although the expected result depends on the health of the rest of the eye and the person's individual circumstances. Can Cataracts Be Prevented? There is no proven way to prevent cataracts completely. However, several measures may help reduce your risk or delay earlier development: • Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet rays and use a hat outdoors • Avoid smoking, or seek support to stop • Manage diabetes with appropriate medical care • Use eye protection during sports or activities with an injury risk • Eat a balanced, nutrient-rich diet Regular eye examinations are important, particularly as you get older or if you have known risk factors. When Should You See an Ophthalmologist? Consider arranging an eye examination if you notice: • Gradually increasing blurred or cloudy vision • Growing difficulty seeing at night or in low light • More glare or haloes around lights • Frequent spectacle-prescription changes • Vision changes that interfere with reading, driving, work or hobbies If you have already been diagnosed with cataracts, a review is helpful when your symptoms change or daily activities become harder. In Singapore, you may start with an optometrist, GP or polyclinic, or arrange a direct appointment with an ophthalmologist. Subsidised public specialist care may require an eligible referral. Your optometrist or GP can advise on the most appropriate next step. Find an ophthalmologist or eye clinic for an eye assessment. Your Possible Care Journey The path from first noticing a change in your vision to receiving care typically follows these stages, although the exact sequence varies: 1. Vision changes noticed 2. Eye examination by an optometrist, GP or ophthalmologist 3. Examination and any tests needed to confirm the cause 4. Cataract confirmed and its effect on daily life discussed 5. A plan is agreed: updated glasses and monitoring, or discussion about surgery 6. Follow-up based on your symptoms and preferences If surgery is being considered, read how MediSave and insurance may apply to cataract surgery in Singapore . Frequently Asked Questions Can cataracts affect one eye more than the other? Yes. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, and they often progress at different rates. A cataract in one eye does not spread to the other. Can cataracts make night driving difficult? Yes. Glare and haloes from oncoming headlights are common complaints. If night driving feels unsafe, this is worth discussing with an ophthalmologist. Can glasses improve cataract-related vision changes? An updated prescription may improve clarity for a time, especially in the earlier stages. However, glasses cannot remove the cataract itself. As the clouding increases, glasses may become less effective. How quickly do cataracts progress? Most cataracts develop gradually over months or years, but the rate varies. Some remain mild for a long time, while others progress more noticeably. Regular eye examinations allow your ophthalmologist to track any changes. Can a cataract return after surgery? Once the natural lens is removed, the original cataract cannot return. However, the capsule behind the artificial lens can sometimes become cloudy, a condition called posterior capsule opacification. This is not the cataract growing back and can usually be treated with a brief laser procedure. References Singapore clinical sources • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract Surgery. https://www.snec.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/cataract . Accessed 14 July 2026. • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract and Comprehensive Ophthalmology: What We Do. https://www.snec.com.sg/our-specialties/clinical-interests/cataract-comprehensive/what-we-do . Accessed 14 July 2026. International clinical guidance • National Eye Institute. Cataracts. Updated 26 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Cataract. Updated 6 August 2025. • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cataracts in Adults: Management, NG77. Published 26 October 2017; last reviewed 20 May 2025. Urgent-warning-sign references • National Eye Institute. Retinal Detachment. Updated 5 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Glaucoma. Updated 5 December 2024.

Cataracts A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye. It usually develops gradually as part of ageing and can make vision blurry, hazy or less colourful over time. Early cataracts may not cause noticeable symptoms. An eye examination can detect cataracts and help determine whether any management is needed. Key Takeaways • A cataract clouds the eye's natural lens, causing light to scatter rather than focus sharply on the retina. • Common signs include blurry vision, increased glare, faded colours and difficulty seeing at night. • Ageing is the most common cause. Diabetes, smoking, ultraviolet exposure, steroid use and eye injury also increase risk. • An eye examination is needed to confirm cataracts because other conditions can produce similar symptoms. • Surgery is the only way to remove a cataract, but it may not be needed straight away if symptoms are mild and daily activities remain manageable. Quick Facts Body system Eye (the natural lens) Commonly affects Risk increases with age; can also occur in younger adults and children Common symptoms Blurred vision, glare, haloes, faded colours, poor night vision Typical specialist Ophthalmologist How it may be managed Updated glasses for milder symptoms; cataract surgery when vision affects daily life Usually urgent? No. Sudden vision loss, flashes, new floaters or severe pain need urgent assessment. Reading time About 6 minutes What Are Cataracts? The natural lens sits behind the coloured part of the eye (the iris) and helps focus light onto the retina. A cataract develops when part of this lens becomes cloudy. The clouding happens within the lens itself, not as a film over the surface of the eye. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, but they do not spread from one eye to the other. In many people the clouding builds up slowly over months or years. As the cataract becomes denser, everyday tasks such as reading, driving or recognising faces may become more difficult. How Cataracts May Develop Age-related changes The lens gradually becomes less clear over time. This is by far the most common cause. Eye injury A serious injury can damage the lens and lead to a cataract, sometimes years later. Diabetes or steroid use Cataracts may develop earlier in people with diabetes or those who have used steroid medication over a prolonged period. Do not stop or change prescribed steroid medication without speaking to the clinician who prescribed it. Radiation or UV exposure Long-term ultraviolet exposure or radiation treatment affecting the eye area can contribute. Congenital factors Some children are born with cataracts or develop them in early childhood. Larger cataracts that affect vision need timely specialist assessment. Previous eye surgery Cataracts may develop or progress after other eye operations. What Are the Symptoms of Cataracts? Cataract symptoms tend to appear gradually. You may notice: • Cloudy, blurry or hazy vision, as though looking through a dirty window • Glare or dazzle from sunlight, lamps or oncoming headlights • Haloes around lights, particularly at night • Colours looking faded or washed out • Needing brighter light for reading or close work • Frequent changes in your spectacle prescription • Difficulty seeing clearly at night or in dim lighting These symptoms can also occur with other eye conditions, so an eye examination is important to find the cause. Symptoms That Need Urgent Attention Seek urgent eye assessment if you experience: • Sudden vision loss or rapidly worsening vision • Flashes of light • A sudden increase in floaters • A dark curtain or shadow across your vision • Severe eye pain • A red eye with sudden blurred vision These are not typical gradual cataract symptoms. They may indicate retinal detachment, acute glaucoma or another condition that needs immediate attention. What Causes Cataracts and Who Is at Risk? The most common cause is the natural ageing of the lens. Over time the proteins in the lens change, causing it to become less clear. Other factors that increase the likelihood include: • Diabetes, particularly when less well controlled • Smoking • Prolonged ultraviolet exposure without adequate eye protection • Long-term use of steroid medication • A previous eye injury or eye surgery • A family history of cataracts • Radiation treatment affecting the eye area • Excessive alcohol consumption How Are Cataracts Diagnosed? An ophthalmologist can detect cataracts through an eye examination. This typically involves: • A discussion of your symptoms and how they affect daily activities • Testing your vision and current spectacle prescription • A slit-lamp examination, where a specialised microscope and light are used to look at the lens and other parts of the eye • A dilated examination, where drops widen the pupils so the inside of the eye can be seen more clearly • Checking for other conditions that could also be affecting your vision Not every patient needs every test. The ophthalmologist selects assessments based on your symptoms and what the examination shows. Do Cataracts Always Need Treatment? Not straight away. When a cataract is mild and daily life is not significantly affected, practical steps such as updating your glasses, using brighter lighting or wearing anti-glare sunglasses may help you manage. These measures improve comfort but do not remove the cataract. Cataract surgery is the only treatment that removes the cloudy lens. It replaces it with a clear artificial lens. Surgery is usually considered when your cataract affects activities that matter to you, such as reading, driving or working. The decision is based on your symptoms, how well you can see during everyday activities, your eye health and your own preferences. Learn how cataract surgery works, when it may be considered and what recovery involves on the Cataract Surgery page. What Happens If Cataracts Are Not Treated? Cataracts generally continue to develop over time. Vision may gradually become cloudier, and activities such as reading, driving and working may become more difficult. Many people live with mild cataracts for years before surgery becomes a practical consideration. Cataracts mainly affect sight by clouding the lens. Other eye conditions may also be present, and an advanced cataract can sometimes make it harder for an ophthalmologist to examine the back of the eye. Cataract surgery may still be considered when a cataract is advanced, although the expected result depends on the health of the rest of the eye and the person's individual circumstances. Can Cataracts Be Prevented? There is no proven way to prevent cataracts completely. However, several measures may help reduce your risk or delay earlier development: • Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet rays and use a hat outdoors • Avoid smoking, or seek support to stop • Manage diabetes with appropriate medical care • Use eye protection during sports or activities with an injury risk • Eat a balanced, nutrient-rich diet Regular eye examinations are important, particularly as you get older or if you have known risk factors. When Should You See an Ophthalmologist? Consider arranging an eye examination if you notice: • Gradually increasing blurred or cloudy vision • Growing difficulty seeing at night or in low light • More glare or haloes around lights • Frequent spectacle-prescription changes • Vision changes that interfere with reading, driving, work or hobbies If you have already been diagnosed with cataracts, a review is helpful when your symptoms change or daily activities become harder. In Singapore, you may start with an optometrist, GP or polyclinic, or arrange a direct appointment with an ophthalmologist. Subsidised public specialist care may require an eligible referral. Your optometrist or GP can advise on the most appropriate next step. Find an ophthalmologist or eye clinic for an eye assessment. Your Possible Care Journey The path from first noticing a change in your vision to receiving care typically follows these stages, although the exact sequence varies: 1. Vision changes noticed 2. Eye examination by an optometrist, GP or ophthalmologist 3. Examination and any tests needed to confirm the cause 4. Cataract confirmed and its effect on daily life discussed 5. A plan is agreed: updated glasses and monitoring, or discussion about surgery 6. Follow-up based on your symptoms and preferences If surgery is being considered, read how MediSave and insurance may apply to cataract surgery in Singapore . Frequently Asked Questions Can cataracts affect one eye more than the other? Yes. Cataracts can develop in one eye or both, and they often progress at different rates. A cataract in one eye does not spread to the other. Can cataracts make night driving difficult? Yes. Glare and haloes from oncoming headlights are common complaints. If night driving feels unsafe, this is worth discussing with an ophthalmologist. Can glasses improve cataract-related vision changes? An updated prescription may improve clarity for a time, especially in the earlier stages. However, glasses cannot remove the cataract itself. As the clouding increases, glasses may become less effective. How quickly do cataracts progress? Most cataracts develop gradually over months or years, but the rate varies. Some remain mild for a long time, while others progress more noticeably. Regular eye examinations allow your ophthalmologist to track any changes. Can a cataract return after surgery? Once the natural lens is removed, the original cataract cannot return. However, the capsule behind the artificial lens can sometimes become cloudy, a condition called posterior capsule opacification. This is not the cataract growing back and can usually be treated with a brief laser procedure. References Singapore clinical sources • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract Surgery. https://www.snec.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/cataract . Accessed 14 July 2026. • Singapore National Eye Centre. Cataract and Comprehensive Ophthalmology: What We Do. https://www.snec.com.sg/our-specialties/clinical-interests/cataract-comprehensive/what-we-do . Accessed 14 July 2026. International clinical guidance • National Eye Institute. Cataracts. Updated 26 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Cataract. Updated 6 August 2025. • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cataracts in Adults: Management, NG77. Published 26 October 2017; last reviewed 20 May 2025. Urgent-warning-sign references • National Eye Institute. Retinal Detachment. Updated 5 November 2025. • National Eye Institute. Types of Glaucoma. Updated 5 December 2024.